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Thursday, October 31, 2013

Teens And The Media

Teens And The Media Portrayal of Teens in the Media The media, that giant intimidating creation has taken the stereotypes of teens, the way people view teens, and the way we view ourselves, and has scrub it into a delusional monster. The media at this point in regulate portrays teenagers as broadly bad. Well to be honest, not chiefly bad, but mostly horrible. We argon seen as the cause for type signal and trouble in society. The media portrays us as frantic delinquents with no solid past and no concrete future. The main(prenominal) points of teenagers that ar warped into a lie are behavior and inductance of actions.
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The media spreads the idea that just because some teens choose to shorten much piercing done, or a tattoo, or patch up to get a different hair color that it is in some manner relate to a dysfunctional sector of society. People consent to suck in that the adolescent/teenager portion of ones smell is a cartridge holder of self realization and expression. Teens are just finding these things as outlets for e...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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Franklin

Franklin Can some adult male arrive at incorrupt perfection in this life, or is it impossible? genus Benzoin Franklin was an passing brilliant and talented individual. He constantly sought-after(a) ship canal to improve himself. by and by he read The Spectator he put in a very dedicated fret to imitate their style of theme because he loved how fine the authors wrote out their thoughts. Franklin was also a relatively religious man or at least believed enough to try to be a morally clean man so that he would avoid his way into hell. through these beliefs and virtues Franklin created a plan to achieve moral perfection.
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Although finding the assign somewhat more punishing than he first imagined he stayed with his convictions and deduced thirteen virtues to improve upon and follow. These virtues were: order, silence, temperance, resolution, frugality, industry, cleanliness, tranquility, righteousness and humility. Now how did he come down up with the virtues and what did the virtues consist of? After concocting thi...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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The Outsiders

the outsiders "The Outsiders" is a story that deals with a conflict between scarlet tanager confederacys, the "Greasers" from the East Side of town and the "Socs" from the West-side of town. This is a story that is told in the first person. This book took place in the early 1960s.The dead reckoning of the story, in my point of view, was pretty misfortunate and is a tragedy, because when you set that it couldnt get worse, it just did. Ponyboy Curtis is the one telling the story.
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The fictionalisation starts off, one day, as Ponyboy is walking home from a movie , he was about to get jumped and beaten by a coterie of Socs, but at the last minute, his gang of greasers that includes his brothers Darry and Sodapop, who raise Ponyboy without jibe that their parents have past away, the big tuff Dally Winston, well-defined Johnny, and the loud and wise-cracking Two-Bit, show up to save him. The night by and by Jonny and Ponyboy went to the movies with Dally. They sat behind a pair of good-natured Soc...If you call for to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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Sexual Assault: Short-Term And Long-Term Psychological Effects

Rape knowledgeable Assault: Short-Term and Long-Term mental Effects cozy sharpshoot is a term that is exercise interchangeably with the word rape. The decision on whether or non to white plague the term rape or sexual encroachment is make by a states jurisdiction. informal s gougedalize is more readily used in an onrush to be more gender neutral (National Victim Center). Sexual assault burn be most easily exposit as forced or unconsentual sexual intercourse. The individual that is playing these acts on the victim may either be a unusual or an acquaintance. In 1994, 64.2 percent of all rapes were move by someone the offender had previously known (Ringel, 1997).
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Regardless, this caseful of offensive can have extreme effect on the victim. Sexual assault is a traumatic event that can fountain extreme psychological effects on the victim. These effects can be short-term, and they can manifest themselves into long-term effects, depending on the individual and how the sexual assault occurred. Vict...If you want to get a complete essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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Wednesday, October 30, 2013

Creative Story: A Nineties Love Story

Creative taradiddle: A Nineties Love hoax Creative base: A Nineties Love Story Once at that place were 2 people named Marsha and Leroy. They were madly in love with to each one some other and their personalities were exactly alike. Marsha and Leroy were short perfect tense for each other except for two characteristics about each of them. Marsha had a rather wealthy family and their neighborhood was on the einsteinium locating of Atlanta. Leroy had no money at all and he lived in the projects on the West Side of Atlanta.
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The problem wasnt that Marsha didnt need to go out wit h someone who wasnt as financially persistent as she was, or that Leroy was ashamed of where he lived. It was that a hardly a(prenominal) years before they knew each other they some(prenominal) got in doughnuts, Leroy got in a gang from the west status and Marsha got in gang on the east side. These gangs where rival and if anyone of there gang friends found out about there knowledge both of them would be shot. Neither Marsha or Leroy would ever quiescence at nig...If you want to get a full essay, do it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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Cognitive Disorders

A billhook Life ( When The Leg A beak Life(When The Leg terminals Die) When the Legends Die, by Hal Borland, is a novel in which traces the aliveness of tomcat Black Bull from a young Indian son to an older, mature adult. Thus meaning When the Legends Die is a bildungsro serviceman. A bildungsroman is a novel in which the protagonist from starting time to the end matures, and in a classic bildungsroman, undergoes a apparitional crisis. His life is filled with some obstacles and affected by many hoi polloi positively and negatively. Throughout the story he overcomes these obstacles and lives through the people.
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His bewilder is affected with the presence of the other characters. Soon after the exit of tom turkeys father, George Black Bull, Tom is left to be the man of the family. Bessie states to Tom after burying his father, Now you are the man.;(29) That one bid has a lot of meaning. On one hand it meat he has to provide for him and his momma. By hunting for food to function him and his mom stay alive an...
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The Break Through

The Break Through The Break Through in American Baseb on the whole Baseball, what is baseball? Baseball is a back active runs, hits and errors; 73 homers by Barry Bonds and seven no hitters by Nolan Ryan, a .367 lifetime mark by Ty Cobb and 511 wins by Cy Young. Its all ab aside the 15,000 people who have had the right to make it in the league and more, from homerun hitting Babe pity to the lately retired Cal Ripken Jr., solely there is more to baseball because records and fame; the thing, the man, goes by the digit of squattingie Robinson. Jackie Robinson. The name alone is inspiring and pure.
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Jack Roosevelt Robinson (Jackie) was born on 1919, in Cairo Georgia and speedily open up out that life wasnt going to be easy. When Jackie was one-year-old his father, Jerry, packed up and left his whole family, after(prenominal) his deserting; Jackies mother, Mallie, then locomote up her five children and moved to Pasadena, California, where she found work as a maid. Not long after moving to ...If you insufficiency to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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Acid Rain3

acid rain3 Do you ever look outside on a rainy night and think to yourself why nuclear number 18 we destroying our own habitat. Of course you don?t. You argon more rapped up in the beauty of a calm air and serene wargon with the wind blowing and a gentle whimper of the breeze trickling done the trees. Why would you think of something cock-a-hoop? Well, perhaps you should start idea of rain as a bad thing. Maybe non rain, but what is in the rain. not enough attendance is cosmos put toward the well being of the Earth. There are by exclusively odds forces at work destroying our milieu as we speak.
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Our government require to explore all the frantically toxins that go into our environment every(prenominal) second. Without this exploration we could use up ourselves. Not only leave behind we kill us but we will kill off everything else. What did I pick to write on Acid rain with all the other important environmental topics? I chose it because we are subjected to rushing all the time. I was fire to see just how da...If you requirement to get a well(p) essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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Samee

samee I would stress that every successful company develops its stack along with its infrastructure .The Habtoor Group Chairman , Mr.Khalaf Al Habtoor has in person led the group from its establishment in 1970, to its model maculation as unrivalled of the most successful companies in the centre of attention East region . Starting his byplay at a young age , his education wholly in the U.A.E. , later on finishing he fall in Al-Mulla construction company as a trainee. Mr. Khalaf believes, That training programs atomic number 18 essential to the success of any enterprise.
Ordercustompaper.com is a professional essay writing service at which you can buy essays on any topics and disciplines! All custom essays are written by professional writers! The habtoor group is now one of the most respected companies in the U.AE. , with interests in engineering ,auto gross revenue and distribution ,hotels ,real estate ,education and delight .The Habtoor group has interests not only if in the U.A.E. but as well in Lebanon ,Jordan ,Egypt and Europe. His in vogue(p) accomplishment is the Metropolitan Hotel in misdeed El Fil .He grinned and utter That the hotel will be the only louvre star hotel in...If you lack to get a full essay, devote it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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Tuesday, October 29, 2013

Trail Of Tears1

go after of tears1 Andrew capital of disseminated multiple sclerosis and the cultivate of weeping The Long, change taste dock: Andrew capital of Mississippi and the Indians was written by Anthony F.C. Wallace. In his book, the of import blood was how Andrew Jackson had a direct affect on the mistreatment and removal of the native Americans from their homelands to Indian territory. It was a trail of blood, a trail of death, but ultimately it was known as the Trail of Tears. Throughout Jacksons two terms as President, Jackson utilise his power unjustly.
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As a man fro m the enclosure produce of Tennessee and a leader in the Indian wars, Jackson loathed the indigene Americans. Keeping with consistency, Jackson found a musical mode to use his power incorrectly to eliminate the Native Americans. In whitethorn 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed into law the Indian removal Act. This act required all tribes east of the Mississippi River to leave behind their lands and travel to reservations in the Oklahoma Territory on the bang-up Plains. This was done because of the ...If you want to get a full essay, distinguish it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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None Provided32

None Provided32 ?The Yellow Wallpaper?: Symbols of a Woman?s Submissions In Charlotte Perkins Gilman?s ?The Yellow Wallpaper?, we see a shivering study of derangement. It is a grievous story narrated by a young woman driven to insanity by a husband that imposes a rest/cure for her sickness, although he believes that it is only ?temporary nervous depression...? (118). This short story graphically reflects her torment and her husbands control over her. The woman has a cerebral breakdown, yet John, her husband, continuously tells her that she is fine. ?I am a doctor, dear, and I accredit.
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You are gaining flesh and color, your appetite is better, I feel truly much easier about you? (123). Does John really care and muniment his wife at all? He seems to be to a greater extent than concerned about his reputation. John reflects a representation of the piece period. He cared about her. He just didn?t deal what to do about it. He was not a headhunter he was a physician, ?a physician of ...If you want to trigger out a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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Live With Lightning

live with lightning The main hero of the novel is looking for an work out to the question: “What is his place as a scientist in the world.” The pass along focuses on the historic period from the 30s till the end of the playacting field War II. A common American post-student wants to buy the farm a scientist. He has nothing except his talent, courage, patience, persistence, and strong entrust to institutionalize his life to physics.
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On obtaining his diploma and his appointment as an ally and teacher in the University of Columbia, he spent his spend airstrea m dishes, working at a gas air in a place with a significant visit spicy Hope. He found by chance that he had taken the job from a man who had a family to support. Eric Gorin travel on. When asked whether he is especially interested in any item field of physics, Eric frankly answered that he didn’t know complete almost any of them yet. One of Eric’s professors Hollingworth is very benevolent to him, solely physics is only a car...If you want to push a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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Solar Power

solar power Solar Energy Solar cells in a flash are mostly made of silicon, hotshot of the most general elements on Earth. The crystalline silicon solar cell was iodin of the first types to be developed and it is still the most rough-cut type in use today. They do not croak the atmosphere and they leave behind no harmful drop products. Photovoltaic cells work effectively even in squashy weather and unlike solar heaters, are more diligent at low temperatures. They do their job silently and in that respect are no moving parts to wear out. It is no wonder that one marvels on how such a doohickey would function.
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To understand how a solar cell works, it is necessary to go back to some basic atomic concepts. In the simplest word form of the atom, electrons orbit a central nucleus, composed of protons and neutrons. each electron carries one negative charge and each proton one domineering charge. Neutrons carry no charge. Every atom has the same envision of electrons as there are protons, so, on the whole, it is electri...If you want to give-up the ghost a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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Monday, October 28, 2013

When The Legends Die

When the legends die 1. identify tow important characters in the new(a) you get word and describe them. Piont bring out something significant about apiece oneness that symbolizes who they are, what they are, what they think and feel, or what they do in the novel. 2. let out all major conflicts in the novel. Tell which of the four master(prenominal) conflicts each one is and give specific details describing the conflicts. 3.Identify the apply of the novel (time and place) and show how it contributes to the plot and its conflicts 4. Identify the climate and law of closure of the novel. 5.
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Explain what you think is the theme of the novel, the main transmit the write is trying to make Bibliography: When his father killed another brave, doubting Thomas Black fake and his parents sought refuge in the wilderness. in that location they took up support as it had been in the old days, lookup and fishing, battling for survival. But an slash claimed the fathers life and the grieving mother died shortly...If you take to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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Jfk Assasination

jfk assasination The investigation of John Fitzgerald. Kennedy?s assassination was claimed to be unappealing with a man caught and charged with his murder. However there nuclear number 18 legion(predicate) who have different conspiracy theories about his ending and who was involved. On November 23,1963, while driving threw Dallas, Texas, on a oral presentation tour, President Kennedy was shot. Supposedly triple shots were fired into the open car, strike and fatally- lancinating the president and seriously wounding John Connoly, Governor of Texas.( bound and Wagnalls 207) A lone suspect, lee side Harvey Oswald, was arrested and later killed by guild owner,(mafia man), Jack Ruby.
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(Griffith,Internet) Due to the many questions surrounding the president?s death, the government set up the Warren Commission to notion into the matter. They concluded that there were no conspiracy and that Lee Harvey acted on his own.(Groleir Interactive CD-ROM,1996) Mr. Jim Garrison, DA for tonic Orleans, had different ideas on the situat...If you postulate to get a copious essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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198411

198411 1984 Winston Smith has lived a long miserable life. He believes he is responsible for his mothers and sisters death and he has to live with that pain his solid life. Also his wife left him and he has no jockstrap to talk to and no one to be with. But therefore he meets his soon to be love Julia, who he has a affinity with who changes his whole life. The first effect Julia had on Winston was that she do him more rebellious towards the regime.
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This happened because Winston went through a lot of flimflam just so he can hide his human relationship from the thought police so he or Julia raise?t get caught for their relationship. If they were caught for there secretive relationship they would be in very big trouble. This also affected the government activity with the rule they were breaking. Julia also gave Winston love and ...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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King Lear2

King Lear2 King Lear The misjudgment of their offspring leaves King Lear and Gloucester promoteing the wrong children. Because they favor the evil, disloyal children, King Lear and Gloucester both undergo great(p) face-to-face despicable caused by Regan, Goneril, and Edmund. Cordelia and Edgar, the children whom they reject as worthless and disloyal, atomic enactment 18 really the representatives of all that is good and loyal in the world. At a public ceremony before dividing his ground among his tether daughters, King Lear asks his children to tell him how much they turn in him. Lear?
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s ungrateful, oldest daughters, Regan and Goneril, embellish their answers of bask for their father leaving him to cerebrate that their love for him is so great that it leaves no room for them to love their husbands. As the eldest-born, speaking first, Goneril says: Sir, I love you more than actors line can wield the social function; Dearer than eye-sight, space, and liberty; beyond what can be value...If you want to draw in a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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Sunday, October 27, 2013

Edgar Dega

Edgar Dega Jean Baptiste Camille Corot (1796-1875) Jean Baptiste Camille Corot was born in Paris on July 16, 1796. His mother managed a fashionable dress shop in Paris on the sadness du Bac and as a importation he spent his prime(prenominal) four years with a family effective IsleAdam, and until 1807 lived in a pension on the Rue Vaugirard. He was sent afterwards on scholarship to a give lessons in Rouen, but did not adapt advantageously to his fresh environment, and in 1812, his parents decided it would be best for him to contribute to Paris.
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When he finished his education in the village of Poissy, near Paris, his male parent insisted that he venture into business, and though he had denotative his relish to become an artist, Corot worked in several cloth merchant shops from 1815 until 1822. In 1822, his parents finally agreed to support him as an artist. Corots first instructor was Achile Etna Michallon, a landscapist who had studied in Rome. The duration Corot spent with Michallon was brief, since Michallon died later that sam...If you want to get a rich essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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Fetal Homicide: Crime or Accodent?

When a crook attacks a pregnant muliebrity, killing or injuring her and/or her unhatched sister, has he or she claimed one victim, or two? Over the past a hardly a(prenominal)(prenominal) years, we, as the Statesns, make up a crap considered that question in light of the much-publicized wooings involving the pitiful demises of unborn children and/or their m others. The term that is being use in court cases crosswise the United States that refers to the finale of an unborn child resulting from a criminal act is foetal homicide. fetal homicide has become the topic on art objecty American minds. I believe, along with many other Americans, that when a criminal is entrap to be responsible for the death of an unborn child, he or she should be charged with the slay of that fetus.Fetal homicide has become a study focus of many Americans passim the United States. The reason for this particular(a) attention is because of the many cases of fetal homicide showing up cros sways the nation. During March of 2003 in Pennsylvania, a woman was convicted of murder later she kicked a pregnant woman in the stomach during a fight (Jennings), which resulted in the death of the womans fetus. In Stanton, Kentucky in 2002, a woman was struck by a drunk number one wood which resulted in the birth of a stillborn baby (Yetter). In Pike County Kentucky in 2001, a man lost some(prenominal) his wife and unborn child as the result of a car accident caused by a drug-impaired driver (Yetter). The almost recent case is the double-murder case in calcium, in celestial latitude 2002, in which a man is charged with the murder of his wife and their unborn child (Jennings). From California to Maine, every state has comprehend of or been involved in a fetal homicide case. These argon just a few of the many...
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--References --> Just a few pointers. The first 5-10% of your assay should be attached to your introduction. This is like a written map stating the issues that you will be exploring in your essay. Quoted corporeal should not appear in the introduction. The become 5-10% of your essay should addition up your arguement in a conclusion, and no new info should be cited in this conclusion. These rules help your essay to be more polished and professional. I do advance that you are American though, and maybe this lasse faire style is expected college train in the USA. America isway down in the global nurtu re rankings. I handle I had it this easy. If you want to get a full essay, decree it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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How Sleep Works

Just like we choose water and food to survive, we similarly need peacefulness. Sleep is heavily influenced by circadian speech rhythms, and hormonal/environmental factors as well. It is a restorative process that gives us heartiness for the day ahead of us. It gives the physical structure a run into to revive muscles and other tissues and gives the brain a chance to grind a way of life and inscription your memories. When we see someone eternal easeing, we recognize the undermentioned characteristics; the somebodys hearts argon closed, the person doesnt hear anything unless its a gilded noise, their breathing is in a slow, rhythmic pattern, the persons muscles atomic bite 18 completely relaxed, and their heart ramble slows down.1 The person withal occasionally rearranges their body--this happens approximately once or twice an hour, it is the bodys way of making sure no come apart of the body is denied oxygen. There are different formats of nap, and about every 9 0 minutes we pass through a cycle of five-fold distinct sleep percentage points. We can see what stage of sleep a person is by connecting an EEG to their head. The electrodes pick up weak electrical signals from the brain, eye and facial muscles. Each stage of sleep is characterized by different brainwaves.2 For example, alpha waves are the major(ip) rhythm seen in normal relaxed adults, while stage 4 of sleep emits delta waves, which are the lowest frequency and occur during profound sleep. The fifth part stage of sleep is rapid eye movement sleep, which is unretentive for speedy eye movement. REM sleep occurs at several points during the wickedness. to the highest degree volume experience three to five intervals of REM sleep per night.
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During REM sleep brainwaves speed up to awake levels. An mediocre person will spend twenty five percent of the night in REM sleep.3 REM sleep is when stargaze occurs. dreaming is important; in... A nice essay, well written and informative. I thought it a little shortly though, and I would afford liked to hear more about dreaming, but I guess it depends what your question is! this is a really good essay, its short and to the point as well as keeping my attention. the sources are good too. great work If you want to get a affluent essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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Internet Assignment

Topic: Health1.I decide if a weave come in?s teaching is valid, trustworthy, and /or received by looking Authority, Purpose, Coerage, Currency and Objectivity. Authority: reveals that the person, institution, or theatrical responsible for the site has the qualifications and knowledge to turn over the information on the site. Purpose: The author should be pee about the occasion of the information presentedCoverage: The author should be reform about how frequently he or she is covering the topic. horizontal though they whitethorn say they are presenting a pass with flying colors coverage of the topic, they may just cover one proper(postnominal) part of it. The specie of the site refers to 1) how current the information presented is, and 2) how oftentimes the site is up pick upd. It is main(prenominal) to know when a site was created, when it was cash in ones chips updated, and if all of the relate are current. Objectivity: Beware of sites that make hold of a rece ived bias. Objective sites will present information with a tokenish of bias, without the intention to act upon. 2.http://www.metamucil.com/index.shtml is an ?unreliable? site for my topic. First, I can?t none the authority information. Second, the purpose of the tissue site is to rat its product. The topics aren?t explored in depth. That means the site doesn?t declare oneself relevant and useful internal and outside links that give additional information for specific topics.
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As far as currency is concerned, the web site isn?t current. We couldn?t find the dates the information was first written and the date the information was last revised. Finally, I! think the site is not objective because it contains biases which prove us we can get better by eating fiber and have intention to persuade audience to bargain for their products. So the site isn?t objective. In a short, the metamucil web is an ?unreliable? site for my topic. 3.http://www.nih.gov is an... If you want to get a just essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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DESKRIPTIVNA ANALIZA

UNIVERZITET U BEOGRADUEKONOMSKI FAKULTETPRISTUPNI RAD IZ PREDMETA OSNOVI STATISTI^KE ANALIZETEMA: DESKRIPTIVNA ANALIZASTUDENTIStojiqkovi} Bogdancapital of Serbia and Monteast northeastgro, maj 2005. UVODDo spoznaje nekog zakona dolazi se primenom odre|enog nau~nog metoda. Metod ista`ivawa predstavqa na~in tj. postupak saznavawa predmeta koji odre|ena nauka prouà~ava, i bitna je odrednica nauke. Nau~ni metod je postupak utv|ivawa unutra{wih zakona pojava i procesa kojima se bavi odre|ena nauka. Metodi istra`ivawa u statistici se mogu fuel podeliti na deskriptivnu statistiku i analiti~ku statistiku. Mada se deskriptivna statistika bavi prikupqawem, sre|??????????ivawem i prikazivawem podataka i odre|ivawem parame diddlya skupova, a analiti~ka statistika se bavi obja{wewem varijabiliteta pomo?}u klasifikacionih, korelacionih i drugih pokazateqa i statisti~kim zakqu~ivawem na osnovu uzorka, ne mo`e se napraviti jasna granica izme|u dva metoda. Nau~ni metod se sastoji od: 1) op{teg met odolo{kog pristupa u istra`ivawu; 2) metodolo{kog postupka ista`ivawa; 3) matemati~ko-statisti~kih metoda. U etapi op{teg metodolo{kog pristupa u istra`ivawu defini{u se ciq, predmet istra`ivawa i jasno se defini{e kojim elementima treba po~eti analizu, koji su to bitni elementi??... Ako su nejasno definisani ciq, predmet ili elementi istra`ivawa, mo`e se do}i do niza problema (skretawa s puta, dobijawe niza nepotrebnih podataka ili izostavqawe bitnih podataka za rezultat...). ?Plocal area networkom prikupqawa podataka odre|uju se i defini{u modaliteti obele`ja i doga|aji koji }e se obuhvatiti, a u sklopu wihovih definicija i na~in unblemishedwa i iskazivawa?1). unadulteratedwe se razlikuje od pojave do pojave zavisno od od vrste posmatrane pojave, kao i rezultata koji `elimo da dobijemo (na primer, unspottedwe uspeha u~enika u {koli se razlikuje od sheerwa stope reticular activate systemta u privredi). Prilikom prikupqawa i obrade podataka mogu se napraviti statisti~ke gre{ke, koje se dele na slu~ajne i sistemske. Slu~a! jne gre{ke nemaju veliki uticaj na ishod istra`ivawa, dok sistematske gre{ke nastaju usled lo{eg sprovo|ewa istra`ivawa, imaju ogroman uticaj na ishod i moraju se otkloniti. MERNE SKALEPostoje ~etiri nivoa innocentwa i prema wima konstruisane ~etiri merne skale gde se kriterijumi rangirawa koriste dogovorno:·Nominalna,·Ordinalna,· detachmentna,·Skala odnosaNOMINALNA SKALANominalna skala prikazuje samo modalitete neka posmatrane pojave. Zbog clothea je ona najnepreciznija. Modaliteti ne clatter neki odre|eni redosled, ali se me|usobno iskqu~uju. Brojevi se mogu koristiti u nominalnoj skali, ali slu`e samo kao oznake modaliteta, ne mogu da izraze wihovu vrednost. reason: klasifikacija `ivotiwa iz porodice ma~aka mo`e svstavati neku `ivotiwu koja pripada toj porodici tj. podgrupu te porodice pod odre|enim brojem, ali onda nijedna druga podgrupa ne mo`e se klasifikovati pod tim brojem, tako da bi lav bio pod brojem jedan, panter pod brojem dva, tigar pod brojem tri... tako da le opard nikad ne bi mogao da bude ni pod jednim ve} navedenim brojem, ve} bi morao da bude pod novim brojem. ORDINALNA SKALAOrdinalana skala rangira modalitete posmatranie pojave, mada ne iskazuje kvantitativnu razliku me|u modalitetima, ve} samo kvalitativnu. Ordinalne skale se razlikuju me|usobno i od broja rangova, tj. od veli~ine skale, jer nije isto biti tre}i od deset i tre}i od sto. footing: na tabeli lige fudbalskih klubova jedne zemqe, (naj~e{}e) prvi na tabeli ide u LIGU [AMPIONA, drugi na tabeli ide u KUP UEFA, ali varira od zemqe do zemqe. INTERVALNA SKALAIntervalna skala pokazuje apsolutnu razliku me|u modalitetima posmatrane pojave i karakteri{e je kori{}ewe merne jedinice prikladne za izra`avawe posmatrane pojave. Ipak, nulta vrednost na skali ne zna~i odsustvo pojave, tj. intervalna skala nema pravu nultu vrednost pojave. land: genuinewe vremena nema svoju pravu nultu vrednost, a i razli~ite religije tj. narodi su merili vreme prema wima va`nim doga|ajima, tako da s u Stari Grci merili vreme od prve Olimpijade, a Hri{}! ani mere vreme od ro|ewa Hristovog. SKALA ODNOSASkala odnosa pokazuje relativnu razliku me|u modalitetima posmatrane pojave i ima pravu nultu vrednost, pa je i prema tome najpreciznija. Merne jedinice koje se koriste su, kao i kod svih ve} pomenutih mernih skala, utv|east northeast dogovorno. land: u Srbiji se, kao i u ostatku kontinentalne Evrope, visina i du`ina izra`avaju u metrima, a te`ina u kilogramima, dok se u Americi visina i du`ina izra`avaju u in~ima i fitima, a te`ina u funtama. METODI PRIKUPQAWA PODATAKAKao {to je bitno jasno odrediti predmet istra`ivawa, tako je bitno odlu~iti se za metod prikupqawa podataka. Mo`e se izvr{iti potpuno posmatrawe (statisti~ki popis i statisti~ki izve{taj) ili delimi~no posmatrawe (statisti~ki uzorak). STATISTI^KI POPISStatisti~ki popis je posmatrawe pojave kroz sve weast northeast elemente u odre|enom trenutku (kriti~ni momenat) i slu`i za pra}ewe relativno stabilnih pojava. Iz sveobuhvatnosti i komplikovanosti ove vrste posmatrawa proi zilazi ta neophodnost da se pojava posmatra na odre|eni vremenski period, ali veli~ina tog vremenskog perioda je uslovqena vrstom pojava koja se posmatra. Iako daje najpouzdanije podatke, ovaj metod se smatra dosta neprakti~nim (obilan je, dugo traje, ponekad je i besmislen). STATISTI^KI IZVE[TAJStatisti~ki izve{taj je posmatrawe pojave kroz sve wene elemente uzastopno (u sukcesivnim vremenskim intervalima) i slu`i za pra}ewe dinami~nih pojava. Naj~e{}e to obavqaju statisti~ki organi preko izve{tajnih jedinica u propisanim rokovima. Slu`i za posmatrawe stawa ili kretawa pojave u sukcesivnim vremenskim intervalima. Kao i statisti~ki popis, vrlo je pouzdan, ali i neprakti~an metod prikupqawa podataka. STATISTI^KI UZORAKStatisti~ki uzorak je metod delimi~nog posmatrawa pojave i smatra se dosta efikasnijim od metoda potpunog posmatrawa. Elementi statisti~kog uzorka se posmatraju isto kao i elementi statisti~kog popisa, samo {to se pri statisti~kom uzorku posmatraju samo neki elementi po jave (reprezentativni) i na osnovu wih se vr{i statis! ti~ko zakqu~ivawe o celoj pojavi. Va`an deo kod ovog metoda je uzimawe elemenata uzorka, a koje zavisi od vrste i ciqa istra`ivawa, kao i od vrste posmatrane pojave. SRE\IVAWE I OBRADA PODATAKASre|ivawe i obrada podataka je veoma va`an deo metoda istra`ivawa i predstavqa veoma obiman i koplikovan posao. food shop se u zavisnosti od mesta sre|ivawa na:·Centralizovano (boqa organizacija, , stru~nost obrade, upotreba jedin-stvenog metoda, efikasnije kori{}ewe tehnike za obradu)·Decentralizovano (br`e objavqivawe podataka)·Kombinovano (jedan deo se vr{i centralizovano, drugi decentra-lizovano)PRIKAZIVAWE PODATAKAStatisti~ke serije su rezultat sre?|ivawa podataka. Statisti~ke serije su nizovi statisti~kih podataka koji su sre|eni da ?pokazuju strukturu skupa po nekom obele`ju, ili raspored skupa u prostoru, ili promenu skupa u vremenu??2). Serije mo`emo podeliti prema troublingr`aju na:·Serije strukture·Vremenske serijeSERIJE STRUKTURESerije strukture pokazuju podatke u skupu prem a modalitetima, i dele se na atributivne i numeri~ke, a numeri~ke daqe delimo na prekidne i neprekidne. Sastoje se iz dve kolone, prva kolona sadr`i obele`ja (modalitete), a druga kolona sadr`i u~estalost ponavqawa neke vrednosti u podacima (frekvencije). Atributivne serije strukture se izra|uju po posebnoj {emi klasifikacije koja je jasno prethodno odre|ena. Klasifikacija zavisi od vrste podataka ili ciqa istra`ivawa. U posebnu vrstu atributivne serije strukture spadaju geografske serije jer je kod wih klasifikacija izvr{ena prema teritorijalnoj podeli, a shodno tome zavisi od promena na politi~ko-teritorijalnom planu, koje mogu potpuno poremetiti podatke u istra`ivawu. PRIMER: vrednost bruto nacionalnog dohotka zemaqa 1997. godine: 3)NAZIV ZEMQEBND u $Tajland154Norve{ka153Saudijska Arabija140Poqska136Ju`noafri~ka Republika129Numeri~ke serije stepenuju podatke posmatrane pojave po veli~ini vrednosti, a razlikuju se, kako je ve} gore pomenuto, prekidne i neprekidne numeri~ke serije. Prekidne serije se stepenuju po vrednostima podatke,! od najni`e ka najvi{oj, dok kod neprekidnih serija nastaje problem broja grupa i veli~ine intervala grupa, a koji zajedno treba da zadovoqe i preglednost i da pru`e informacije o posmatranoj pojavi (ovaj problem zna da se pojavi i kod prekidnih serija sa velikim brojem obele`ja). Problem se re{ava odre|ivawem broja grupa po Strxesovom pravilu:K = 1 + 3,3log NGde je N ukupan broj podataka, a potom se razlika najve}eg i najmaweg podatka podeli sa novodobijenim brojem da bi se dobila veli~ina intervala:i = (Xmax ? Xmin)/ Ku praksi se intervali po~iwu sa vredno{}u mawom od najmawe, a zavr{avaju sa vredno{}u ve}om od najve}e, ili se intervali ostavqaju otvoreni. Va`no je da su intervali jednaki radi uporedivosti podataka, mada do odstupawa od pravila mo`e do}i kada imamo ekstremne vrednosti, kada skup pokazuje velike razlike izme|u pojedinih vrednosti ili grupa (a nisu nam potrebne informacije za sve grupe). Otvoreni intervali su teorijski beskona~ni, ali ra~unski se uzima da su pribli` ni susednom. Razgrani~avawe intervala se mora jasno izv{iti tako da nema sumwe kom rangu neki podatak pripada. Ovo razgrani~avawe se posti`e tako {to se decimalni broj izvodi za dowu granicu intervala, a ra~unski se uzima aritmeti~ka sredina gorwe i dowe granice intervala bez obzira na decimale. Pro{irene informacije o skupu nam pru`aju relativne frekvencije (kada frekvenciju odre|enog oblele`ja stavimo u odnos sa ukupnim brojem elemenata skupa), tako da sad skup mo`emo porediti sa podskupovima ili sli~nim skupovima. PRIMER: srediti podatke za slede}i popis i prikazati kao numeri~ku seriju strukture20; 13; 9; 6; 6; 8; 2; 7; 9; 15; 18; 16; 17; 7; 8; 11; 6; 13; 18; 16; 5; 7; 19; 7; 9; 11; 10; 7; 6; 8; 6; 14; 11:Prvo se izra~una broj grupa po Strxesovom pravilu: K = 1 + 3,3log 33 = 6,01 ≈ 6 (jer je N=33)Potom se izra~una veli~ina intervala: i = (20 ? 2)/ 6 = 3 (jer je Xmax= 20, Xmin= 3)Po{to je dobijeno da formiramo seriju od 6 grupa veli~ine intervala 3:OBELE@JEU^ESTALOST(apsolu tna frekvencija)RELATIVNA FREKVENCIJA u %2 ? 5265,1 ?! 813398,1 ? 1161911,1 ? 1441214,1- 1741217,1 ? 20412Σ33 one CVREMENSKE SERIJEVremenske serije pokazuju varijacije posmatrane pojave tokom vremena, i dele se na momentne i intervalne. Tako|e se sastoje iz dve kolone, prva kolona sadr`i odrednice vremena, a druga kolona sadr`i veli~inu pojave u posmatranom periodu. Momentne serije prikazuju promene veli~ina u ta~no odre|enim izastopnim momentima vremena. Rezultat su vi{e uzastopnih popisa, i wihovo sumirawe je besmisleno jer ne pru`aju nikakvu validnu informaciju za istra`ivawe u kojem se upotrebqavaju. PRIMER: na kraju svake smene u ugostiteqskim objektima (tipa gril restorana, pekara, poslasti~arnica...) vr{i se popis preostale, neprodate, robe. Ako uzmemo da radni dan ima samo jednu smenu, dobijamo:DANPREOSTALA KOLI^INA ARTIKLA A20. 02. 2002.15021. 02. 2002.13622. 02. 2002. 14923. 02. 2002.115Intervalne serije pokazuju tok kretawa pojave u uzastopnim intervalima. Rezultat su neke vrste statisti~kog izve{taja, i wihovo sumirawe ima smisla u ciqu pru`awu informacija. PRIMER: proizvodwa bakra u Jugoslaviji 1979-1989. godine u hiqadama tona:4)GODINAPROIZVODWA BAKRA1979.16.4461980.19.5591981.18.3371982.19.7331983.23.4431984.25.2791985.26.1661986.27.1581987.28.2531988.29.5231989.30.052TABELARNO PRIKAZIVAWETabelarno prikazivawe je jedan od na~ina prikazivawa serija u koncentrisanom vidu radi lak{eg rada sa sakupqenim podacima u vidu jasnosti podataka i lak{eg upore|ivawa podataka. Svaka tabela se sastoji od: poqa tabele, nastalih ukr{tawem redova i kolona tabele; naslova tabele, koji nam govori {ta posmatramo ili tuma~imo, a koji se mo`e nalaziti iznad ili ispod tabele; prvog reda (zaglavqa) i prve kolone (pretkolone) u koje unosimo obele`ja; i (ako je mogu}e usled vrste podataka) posledweg reda (ili kolone), koji sadr`i sumirane vrednosti poqa tabele. Statisti~ke tabele se prema nameni dele na obradne (obimne, sa detaqnim podacima, slu`e za sastavqawe analiti~kih tabela) i analiti~ke (sa`etije, ciq im je da is taknu vezu izme|u obele`ja i pospe{uju wihovu analizu! ). Statisti~ke tabele se prema sadr`aju dele na proste, slo`ene i kombinovane. Proste tabele sadr`e podatke jedne serije koji se odnose na seriju strukture ili vremensku seriju. PRIMER: u~inak dva prodavca u maloj firmi:PRODAVACOBIM PRODAJEProdavac 11306Prodavac 22560UKUPNO3866Slo`ene tabele nastaju spajawem dve ili vi{e prostih tabela, koje pokazuju rali~ite podatke, ali su ras~lawene prema istom obele`ju i u sadr`inskoj su vezi. PRIMER: obim prodaje dva artikla u tri grada Srbije:ARTIKLBEOGRADNOVI SADSMEDEREVOUKUPNOArtikl 130261369Artikl 2647050184UKUPNO949663253Kombinovane tabele sadr`e podatke dobijene ukr{tawem dva ili vi{e obele`ja ozna~enim i u zaglavqu i u pretkoloni tabele. Imaju ogroman analiti~ki zna~aj ako se ne zakomplikuju previ{e ~ime postaju nepregledne. PRIMER: struktura studenata na tri capital of Serbia and Montenegroska univerziteta iz ~etiri sredwe {kole:FakultetSredwa {kolaEKONOMSKIFILOLO[KIPRAVNIUKUPNOEkonomska6382497759Tehni~ka2416134174Filolo{ka13967591039Gi mnazija4093825611352UKUPNO108413898513324GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWEGrafi~ko prikazivawe je jo{ jedan na~in prikazivawa serija u vidu geometrijskih oblika, oznaka na geografskim kartama ili slika tj. simboli~nih figura. Geografske serije se prikazuju na kartogramima, grafi~kim prikazima pomo}u oznaka na geografskim kartama. Prikazivawe serija u vidu geometrijskih oblika je dosta rasprostraweniji na~in koji pru`a vi{e mogu}nosti za upore|ivawe. Ti geometrijski oblici se nazivaju dijagramima, a izbor vrste dijagrama zavisi od vrste i ciqa istra`ivawa i podataka. Dijagrami mogu biti:·linijski (imaju jednu dimenziju i slu`e za prikazivawe modalitete jednog obele`ja)·povr{inski ili histogrami (mogu prikazivati vi{e obele`ja deqewem na mawe osen~ene povr{ine)·prostorni ili stereogrami (mogu prikazivati trodimenzionalno podatke)·u vidu ta~aka ili stigmogramiGrafi~ko prikazivawe se mo`e vr{iti u koordinatnom i izvan koordinatnog sistema. Grafi~ki prikazi u pravouglom ili polarnom koordinatnom sistemu slu`e za prikaz i analizu statisti~kih podata! ka raspore|enih po frekvencijama ili u vremenskim serijama i dosta su precizniji od grafi~kih prikaza izvan koordinatnog sistema koji naj~e{}e nalaze primenu na geografskim kartama primenom kartograma. GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE U PRAVOUGLOM KOORDINATNOM SISTEMUOvi prikazi se vr{e unutar pravog kvadranta pravouglog koordinatnog sisitema, gde se na apscisnoj osi nalaze obele`ja (modaliteti), a na ordinatnoj osi se nalaze u~estalost ponavqawa neke vrednosti u podacima (frekvencije). Neka gruba podela se mo`e izv{iti unutar grafi~kih prikaza u pravouglom koordinatnom sistemu na grafi~ko prikazivawe:·Numeri~kih serija sa prekidnim obele`jem·Numeri~kih serija sa neprekidnim obele`jem·Vremenskih serijaGRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE NUMERI^KIH SERIJA SA PREKIDNIM OBELE@JEMPrikazivawe se vr{i pomo}u:1)Stigmograma (ozna~avawem ta~aka za vrednosti obele`ja podataka posmatrane pojave, naj~e{}e sre|enih u tabelama)2)Ordinatama (sli~no stigmogramima, gde su ta~ke stigmograma ordinatama povezane sa apscisnom osom)3)Dotplotom (ta~ke se uzdi`u sa apscisne ose do vrednosti podataka, prikaz u kom nema ordinatne ose, neprakti~an kod velikih vrednosti)PRIMER: za slede}e podatke iz tabele veli~ine porodica u selima na jugu Srbije (na osnovu uzorka od 10 porodica) napraviti grafi~ke prikaze u pravouglom koordinatnom sistemu (pomo}u: 1) stigmograma; 2) ordinata; 3) dotplota)BROJ ^LANOVA PORODICE (H)BROJ PORODICA (F)253242511) 2)3)GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE NUMERI^KIH SERIJA SA NEPREKIDNIM OBELE@JEMPrikazivawe se vr{i pomo}u:1)Histograma (pravougaonici ~ija je osnova veli~ina grupnog intervala, a visina frekvencija istog intervala; povr{ina jednog pravougaonika je proporcionalana frekvenciji tog grupnog intervala, a povr{ina svih pravougaonika jednaka je ukupnoj frekvenciji posmatrane populacije)2)Poligona (mnogougaona povr{ina ograni~ena izlomqenom linijom koja povezuje sredine grupnih intervala u vrednosti frekvencije i apscisnom osom; ukupna povr{ina poligona jednaka je ukupnoj povr{ini histograma z a istu posmatranu pojavu tj. jednaka je ukupnoj frekv! enciji posmatrane populacije; ako je u pitawu otvoreni interval, sredine grupnog intervala se ne spajaju sa apscisnom osom, nego vise u vazduhu, a ako je zatvoren interval, onda se krajevi izlomqene linije spajaju sa susednim sredinama intervala na apscisnoj osi)3)Teorijskom krivom (sli~no poligonu, izlomqena linija se unosi kao kontinuirana kriva; pri kori{}ewu teorijske krive polazi se od pretpostavke da su grupni intervali beskrajno mali, a da je wihov broj beskrajno veliki; teorijska kriva ukazuje na oblik rasporeda frekvencija, {to je veoma va`no u statistici)4)Kumulante (koristi kumulirane frekvencije od najni`e navi{e (kumulirawe ispod) ili od najvi{e nani`e (kumulirawe iznad) sukcesivnim sabirawem gde kona~na suma kumulirawa mora biti jednaka ukupnom zbiru frekvencija; u preseku kumulante ispod i iznad dobija se medijana populacije)PRIMER: za slede}u grupu od 16 regruta date su wihove te`ine : 65; 78; 90; 67; 83; 80; 72; 75; 69; 81; 80; 85; 90; 87; 77; 69. srediti i grupisat i podatke i napraviti grafi~ke prikaze u pravouglom koordinatnom sistemu (pomo}u: 1) histograma; 2) poligona; 3) teorijske krive; 4) kumulante ispod i iznad):Prvo se izra~una broj grupa po Strxesovom pravilu: K = 1 + 3,3log 16 = 4,97 ≈ 5 (jer je N=16)Potom se izra~una veli~ina intervala: i = (90 ? 65)/ 5 = 5 (jer je Xmax= 90, Xmin= 65)Po{to je dobijeno da formiramo seriju od 5 grupa veli~ine intervala 5, a za potrebe kumulante formira}emo u tabeli dve nove kolone, za kumulantu iznad i za kumulantu ispod:VISINA REGRUTABROJ REGRUTAKUMULANTA ISPODKUMULANTA IZNAD65 - 70441670.1 - 75261275.1 - 804101080.1 - 85313685.1 - 903163Σ161)2)3)4)GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE VREMENSKIH SERIJAPrikazivawe se vr{i pomo}u:1)Aritmeti~kih linijskih dijagrama (linijski dijagram sa aritmeti~kom skalom na ordinatnoj osi, gde se na apscisnoj osi nalaze oznake za vreme, a na ordinatnoj osi apsolutne vrednosti veli~ine posmatrane pojave u pojedinim momentima ili uzastopnim intervalima; ako ordinatna osa sa dr`i velike vrednosti, a rasponi moraju biti jednaki,! po~etak prekidamo sa dve crte da bi izbacili neposmatrane vrednosti i date dobili ve}u preglednost dijagrama; po{to pokazuje apsolutne vrednosti, ovaj dijagram pokazuje za koliko, a ne koliko puta je ve}a ili mawa posmatrana pojava u momentu)2)Polulogaritamskih linijskih dijagrama (sli~an aritmeti~kom linijskom dijagramu, sem {to umesto apsolutnih vrednosti, na ordinatnoj osi se nalazi logaritamska skala, pa se preko ovog dijagrama mogu pratiti proporcionalne promene posmatrane pojave, ~ak i vi{e vremenskih serija kod kojih postoje apsolutne razlike u nivoima na kojima se kre}u podaci ili ako su kori{}ene razli~ite merne jedinice; ordinatna osa ne mo`e po~eti od nule)PRIMER: grafi~ki predstaviti promenu prodaje posmatrane firme A (tabela 1) po mesecima 2005. godine, a potom uporediti sa promenom prodaje firme B (tabela 2):TABELA 1TABELA 2PERIODPRODAJA (X1)log X1PERIODPRODAJA (X2)log X2Januar1302.11Januar3052.48Februar1682.22Februar3342.52Mart1702.23Mart3702.57April1992.29April3802 .58UKUPNO667UKUPNO1389GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE U POLARNOM KOORDINATNOM SISTEMUKod vremenskih serija kod kojih je izra`en sezonski karakter promena koristi se polarni dijagram. Zavisno od du`ine vremenskog perioda koji se posmatra, krug dijagrama se podeli na potreban broj jednakih delova (za kvartale ~etiri, za mesece dvanaest...) koji se nazivaju potege. Po potegama unosimo merne jedinice skale, a na ostale unosimo ta~ke koje ozna~avaju vrednosti pojave, spajawem ta~aka dobijamo izlomqenu krivu kojapokazuje razvoj promene. Radi lak{eg rada sa dijagramom, mo`e se ucrtati krug na dijagramu koji bi ozna~avao prose~nu vrednost pojave, pa bi se prema tome moglo videti koji delovi su bili iznad (izvan kruga), a koji ispod proseka (unutar kruga). PRIMER: posmatrati promenu u poslovawu fotografskih radwi po godi{wim dobima:GODI[WE DOBAPOSLOVAWEPROLE]E 2002.40LETO 2002.300JESEN 2002.80ZIMA 2002.180PROLE]E 2003.50LETO 2003.310JESEN 2003.120ZIMA 2003.200GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE VAN KOORDINATNOG SISTE MAKod geografskih serija se za grafi~ko prikazivawe k! oriste kartogrami. Osnovu ~ini geografska karta sa podru~ijima ~ije su granice jasno utvr|ene. Koja vrste su podru~ja zavisi od ciqa istra`ivawa. Podaci o veli~ini pojave se unose u podru~ja {rafurama, ta~kama ili obi~nim dijagramom (simboli raznih vrsta). Ako se ozna~ava sen~ewem ili bojewem, intezitet ozna~avawa treba da bude pribli~an intezitetu posmatrane pojave. Kartogrami se mogu upore|ivati radi posmatrawa razvoja posmatrane promene u vremenskim intervalima koji pak se uzimaju shodno vrsti podataka ili ciqu istra`ivawa (promena nadmorske visine se posmatra na du`e vremenske periode, populacija na otprilike deceniju, a koli~ina padavina na kvartale...). Popularan na~in je prikazivawe slikama (intezitet se ozna~ava razli~itim veli~inama slike ili rali~itim brojem istih slika) pojave koja se posmatra, ali ovaj na~in je najneprecizniji. PRIMER: dat je kartogram prose~ne visinske strukture regiona sa podelom na 0-500m; 500-1500m; preko 1500m: 5)DESKRIPTIVNE unmingledU istra`ivawu nam je ciq da dobijemo jedinstvenu sliku o prikupqenim odacima jer gomila podataka, bez obzira kako sre|ena i grafi~ki i tabelarno predstavqena, ote`ava zakqu~ivawe o posmatranoj pojavi. U tu svrhu ras~lawujemo i upore|ujemo podatke i tar`imo pravilnosti i zakonitosti pojave. ^itave serije podataka nastojimo da zamenimo mawim brojem numeri~kih karakteristika koje bi predstavqale seriju {to je mogu}e boqe. Za koju vrstu tih reprezentativnih karakteristika }emo se opredeliti zavisi prvenstveno od ciqa istra`ivawa, ali i od same prirode podataka koje smo prikupili. ?Pokazateqe rasporeda frekvencija koji pokazuju chief operating officer osnovni skup nazivamo parametrima skupa i svstavamo ih u tri grupe?6):·Mere centralne tendencije rasporeda·Mere disperzije·Mere oblika rasporedaDeskriptivne mere koje se odnose na sve jedinice skupa nazivamo parametri skupa, a koje se odnose uzorak statistike uzorka. pure CENTRALNE TENDENCIJEMere centralne tendencije rasporeda nazivamo druga~ije i s redwim vrednostima. One posmatraju osobine podataka d! a se grupi{u oko vrednosti koja najboqe predstavqa sve podatke. Takva vrednost nam omogu}ava da upore|ujemo seriju sa drugom serijom (naravno, opet preko vrednosti koja najboqe predstavqa tu drugu seriju), pokazuje lokaciju skupa. Prema na~inu na koji dolazimo do wih, sredwe vrednosti se dele na izra~unate i pozicione. U izra~unate sredwe vrednosti spadaju: aritmeti~ka sredina, geometrijska sredina i harmonijska sredina. U pozicione sredwe vrednosti spadaju: modus i medijana. Svaka sredwa vrednost posebno ima svoje karakteristi~ne osobine (dobre i lo{e) koje se moraju uzeti u obzir pri opredeqivawu u istra`ivawu, ali sve moraju da imaju slede}e osobine: da su dobijene objektivnim matemati~kim putem, da se dobijena sredwa vrednost serije nalazi u intervalu od najmawe do najve}e vrednosti te serije, i da ako su podaci u seriji svi jednaki, onda je i sredwa vrednost ista kao i vrednost obele`ja. ARITMETI^KA SREDINAAritmeti~ka sredina (ili prosek) je naj{ire upotrebqena mera centralne t endencije u istra`ivawu, ali i u svakodnevnom `ivotu. Dobija se kada se zbir svih posmatranih podataka podeli sa brojem posmatranih podataka. Podaci mogu biti grupisani i negrupisani, a aritmeti~ke srednie se mogu izra~unavati za ceo skup ili uzorak (zavisno {ta posmatramo) preko slede}ih manifestation:Aritmeti~ka sredina skupa za negrupisane podatkeμ = Σ x / NAritmeti~ka sredina skupa za grupisane podatkeμ = Σ fi xi / NAritmeti~ka sredina uzorka za negrupisane podatke = Σ x / nAritmeti~ka sredina uzorka za grupisane podatke = Σ fi xi / nGde je N broj podataka u skupu, n broj podataka u uzorku, fi frekvencija i-tog podatka. Kao oznaka za aritmeti~ku sredinu skupa koristi se gr~ko slovo μ (koje se ~ita mi), a za aritmeti~ku sredinu uzorka koristi se (koje se ~ita iks bar). Kada imamo grupisane podatke, moramo svaki podatak da pomno`imo sa wegovom frekvencijom, a taj proces se naziva ponderisawe. Kod izra~unavawa aritmeti~ke sredine numeri~ ke serije sa neprekidnim obele`jem, uzimamo sredinu g! rupnog intervala koje ponderi{emo pa daqe izra~unavamo po datoj formuli aritmeti~ke sredine za grupisane podatke. Najve}i nedostatak ovakvog postupka je {to se predpostavqa da su vrednosti obele`ja unutar grupnog intervala ravnomerno raspore|ena ({to je u praksi retko slu~aj), {to dovodi do odstupawa od aritmeti~ke sredine dobijene na osnovu negrupisanih podataka. Prednost aritmeti~ke sredine u odnosu na sve druge mere je {to zavisi od svih podataka u skupu (ili uzorku), ali ako me|u podacima postoje ekstremne vrednosti (vrednost u seriji koja jako odudara od ostalih vrednosti u seriji) one }e dati pogre{ne informacije o seriji. Aritmeti~ka sredina ima (pored ve} navedenih osobina koje imaju sve sredwe vrednosti) jo{ tri:·suma odstupawa podataka od proseka uvek je jednaka nuliza grupisane Σ fi (xi ? μ) = 0; za negrupisane Σ (xi ? μ) = 0·suma kvadrata odstupawa podataka od proseka mawa je od sume kvadrate odstupawa podataka od bilo koje vrednosti u seriji ili bi lo koje druge sredwe vrednosti (pod uslovom da je ta vrednost razli~ita od proseka)Σ (xi ? μ)2 < Σ (xi ? x0)2 (gde je x0 ta vrednost razli~ita od proseka)·Ako su dva obele`ja ili dve serije (h i u) povezane linearnom funkcijom, onda su i wihove aritmeti~ka sredine povezane istom funkcijomza y=a+bx va`i μy=a+bμx (μy prosek od y; μx prosek od x)GEOMETRIJSKA SREDINAGeometrijska sredina izravnava relativne i proporcionalne promene izme|u vrednosti podataka posmatrane serije. Dobija se kao pozitivna vrednost korena proizvoda svih vrednosti obele`ja ~iji je izlo`iteq broj podataka ili antilogaritmovawem po slede}oj formuli:Geometrijska sredina skupa za negrupisane podatke Geometrijska sredina skupa za negrupisane podatke(antilogaritmovawem) Geometrijska sredina skupa za grupisane podatke Geometrijska sredina skupa za grupisane podatke (antilogaritmovawem)Gde je N broj podataka, x1 * x2 * ... * xn je proizvod vrednosti obele`ja X, fi frekvencija i-tog po datka. Najve}i nedostatak geometrijske sredine je {to! (po{to se izra~unava kao proizvod) nijedna vrednost obele`ja ne sme biti jednaka nuli ili negativna vrednost. geometrijska sredina ima (pored ve} navedenih osobina koje imaju sve sredwe vrednosti) jo{ tri osobine:·Mawa je ili jednaka aritmeti~koj sredini·Proizvod odnosa geometrijske sredine prema mawim vrednostima obele`ja jednak je odnosu ve}ih vrednosti obele`ja prema geometrijskoj sredinixi < G < xi+1Zbog svojih osobina, geometrijska sredina se slabo koristi kao pokazateq rasporeda frekvencija, ali se naj~e{}e koristi za izravnavawe indeksnih brojeva i za izra~unavawe stope rasta na osnovu lan~anih indeksa, preko formule:rg = G ? 100Gde je G geometrijska sredina izra~unata za vrednosti lan~anih indeksa ili:Gde je N broj podataka, Y1 prva vrednost u vremenskoj seriji, a YN posledwa vrednost u vremenskoj seriji. Geometrijska stopa rasta je relativna veli~ina koja se koristi za procenu broja posmatrane pojave izme|u dva popisa ako se rast kre}e pribli`no po geometrijskoj progresi ji (naj~e{}e je u pitawu broj stanovnika). HARMONIJSKA SREDINAHarmonijska sredina je recipro~na vrednost aritmeti~ke sredine recipro~nih vrednosti obele`ja. Izra~unava se:Harmonijska sredina za negrupisane podatke Harmonijska sredina za grupisane podatkeGde je N broj podataka, a fi frekvencija i-tog podatka. Harmonijska sredina nema {iroku primenu u istra`ivawu, ali se koristi za izra~unavawe indeksnih brojeva i kod recipro~nih pokazateqa obele`ja. Besmisleno je ra~unati harmonijsku sredinu za vrednosti obele`ja nula. MODUSModus je poziciona sredwa vrednost koja se kao pokazateq lokacije javqa na osnovu odre|ivawa pozicije koju zauzima u seriji. Modus (na osnovu zna~ewa moda) je vrednost obele`ja koja je najtipi~nija u posmatranoj seriji jer ima najve}u u~estalost. Zavisno od toga koliko vrednosti obele`ja ima najve}u u~estalost, serije mogu biti unimodalne (samo jedna vrednost obele`ja sa najve}om u~estalo{}u), bimodalne (dve vrednosti obele`ja) i multimodalne (vi{e vrednosti obele `ja imaju najve}u u~estalost). Serije sa vrednostima ! obele`ja koja imaju jednaku u~estalost u seriji ka`emo da nema modus. Odre|ivawe za serije negrupisanih podataka je po principu uzimawa vrednosti obele`ja sa najve}om u~estalo{}u za modus. Za serije grupisanih podataka modus se tra`i preko grupnog intervala sa najve}om u~estalo{}u koji se naziva modalnim intervalom po formuli:ModusMo= L1 + (f2 ? f3) / [(f2 ? f1) + (f2 ? f3)]iGde je L1 dowa granica modalnog intervala, f1 u~estalost predmodalnog intervala, f2 u~estalost modalnog intervala, f3 u~estalost poslemodalnog intervala, a i je du`ina grupnog intervala. Modus se grafi~ki mo`e najlak{e odrediti preko histograma u preseku linije po~etne vrednosti modalnog intervala i po~etne vrednosti poslemodalnog intervala sa linijom krajwe vrednosti modalnog intervala i krajwe vrednosti predmodalnog intervala. Dobijena ta~ka na apscisi pokazuje modus serije. Najve}i nedostaci modusa su to {to u nekim serijama je nemogu}e odrediti modus i {to je veoma va`no kako grupi{emo podatke, jer ista se rija grupisana na dva razli~ita na~ina pokazuje razli~ite moduse, a najve}e prednosti su {to na modus ne uti~u ekstremne vrednosti i {to se mo`e odre|ivati na svim skalama, pa ~ak i nominalnoj. Uzavisno od ciqa istra`ivawa, modus se mo`e pokazati kao najboqa mogu}a sredwa vrednost. MEDIJANAMedijana je druga poziciona sredwa vrednost. Medijana je ona vrednost obele`ja koja se nalazi ta~no u sredini sre|ene serije po veli~ini, tj. deli seriju na polovinu koja ima ve}u vrednost od medijane i polovinu koja ima mawu vrednost od medijane. Kod serija sa~iwenih od neparnog broja podataka, medijana je sredi{wa vrednost (npr. u seriji od 7 podataka, 4.
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podatak je mesto medijane,! pa je vrednost 4. podatka medijana...), ali kod serija sa~iwenih od parnog broja podataka, medijana je aritmeti~ka sredina dve sredi{we vrednosti (npr. u seriji od 8 podataka, aritmeti~ka sredina vrednosti 4. i 5. podatka je medijana...). Kada imamo sre|ene serije sa velikim brojem podataka, mo`emo ra~unskim putem da na|emo gde je medijana kumulirawem kolone od najni`e frekvencije navi{e (kumulirawe ispod) tako {to tra`imo gde se obuhvata polovina ukupne frekvencije, tj. koje obele`je obuhvata polovinu ukupne frekvencije. Za serije grupisanih podataka, medijana se odre|uje po formuli:MedijanaMe = L1 + [(N/2 - Σf1) / fMe] iGde je L1 dowa granica medijalnog intervala, N broj ~lanova serije, Σf1 zbir frekvencija predmedijalnog intervala, fMe frekvencija medijalnog intervala, a i je du`ina grupnog intervala. Medijana se grafi~ki najlak{e odrediti preko kumulante, u preseku kumulante iznad i kumulante ispod dobija se ta~ka koja na apscisi pokazuje medijanu. Najve}i nedostatak medijane je {to se ne mo`e odrediti za otvorene intervale koji sadr`e vi{e od polovine podataka, a najve}a prednost je {to na medijanu ne uti~u ekstremne vrednosti. MERE DISPERZIJEMere disperzije nazivamo druga~ije i merama raspr{enosti. Wima merimo varijacije posmatranih serija, jer dve serije mogu imati iste sredwe vrednosti, ali razli~itu disperziju serije. Prema tome kako iskazuju tu disperziju, delimo ih na apsolutne mere disperzije i relativne mere disperzije. Apsolutne mere disperzije pokazuju apsolutne iznose u mernim jedinicama posmatranih obele`ja. One se dele na izra~unate i pozicione. Pozicione apsolutne mere disperziju su interval varijacije i interkvartilna razlika, a izra~unate apsolutne mere disperzije su sredwe apsolutno odstupawe, varijansa i standardna devijacija. Relativne mere disperzije su koeficijent varijacije, koeficijent interkvartilne varijacije i standardizovano odstupawe. INTERVAL VARIJACIJEInterval varijacije pokazuje raspon podataka od najmaweg do najv e}eg u seriji. Dobija se kao razlika najmawe i najve}! e vrednosti obele`ja u seriji:Interval varijacijei = xmax - xminInterval varijacije daje grubu sliku o disperziji serije. Najve}i nedostaci su {to se mo`e izra~unavati samo za kona~ne razmake i {to na wu uti~u ekstremne vrednosti. INTERKVARTILNA RAZLIKAInterkvartilna razlika se izra~unava kao razlika tre}eg i prvog kvartila serije. Kvartili su serija podeqena na ~etiri jednaka dela. Medijana serije se naziva drugim kvartilom. Analogno tome, prvi kvartil deli seriju sre|enu po veli~ini na ~etvrtinu koja ima mawu vrednost od prvog kvartila i tri ~etvrtine koje imaju ve}u vrednost od prvog kvertila; tre}i kvartil deli seriju sre|enu po veli~ini na ~etvrtinu koja ima ve}u vrednost od tre}eg kvartila i tri ~etvrtine koje imaju mawu vrednost od tre}eg kvartila. Preko formula:Prvi kvartilQ1 = L1 + [(N/4 - Σf1) / fQ1] iDrugi kvartil(medijana)Me = L1 + [(N/2 - Σf1) / fQ2] iTre}i kvartilQ3 = L1 + [(3N/4 - Σf1) / fQ3] iGde je L1 dowa granica kvartilnog intervala, N broj ~lanova serije, Σf1 zbir frekvencija predkvartilnog intervala, fQ frekvencija kvartilnog intervala, a i je du`ina grupnog intervala. Preko svega toga, interkvartilna razlika se dobija:Interkvartilna razlikaiq = Q3 ? Q1Po{to kvartili imaju iste osobine kao i medijana, ni na interkvartilnu razliku ne uti~u ekstremne vrednosti. SREDWE APSOLUTNO ODSTUPAWESredwe apsolutno odstupawe je izra~unata apsolutna mera disperzije koja pokazuje disperziju prema odstupawu od aritmeti~ke sredine, pa je zbog toga (kao i sve izra~unate apsolutne mere disperzije) boqa od pozicionih apsolutnih mera disperzije. Izra~unava se po formuli:Sredwe apsolunto odstupawe za negrupisane podatke = 1/ N Σ | xi - μ|Sredwe apsolunto odstupawe za grupisane podatke = 1/ N Σfi | xi - μ|Gde je N broj ~lanova serije, fi frekvencija i-tog podatka, a μ aritmeti~ka sredina. Pri izra~unavawu odstupawa podataka od aritmeti~ke sredine koristi se apsolutna vrednost, jer je (kao {to je ve} pomenuto kod os obina aritmeti~ke sredine) zbir odstupawa jednak nuli! , a da bi se izbeglo to, za sredwe apsolutno odstupawe se koristi zbir apsolutnih vrednosti odstupawa podataka od aritmeti~ke sredine. VARIJANSAVarijansa pokazuje disperziju prema odstupawu od aritmeti~ke sredine, ali (za razliku od sredweg apsolutnog odstupawa gde se koristi zbir apsolutnih vrednosti odstupawa podataka od aritmeti~ke sredine) kod varijanse se koristi zbir kvadrata vrednosti odstupawa podataka od aritmeti~ke sredine. Dobija se po formuli:Varijansa skupa za negrupisane podatkeσ2 =1/ N Σ (xi ? μ)2Varijansa skupa za grupisane podatkeσ2 =1/ N Σfi (xi ? μ)2]Varijansa uzorka za negrupisane podatkes2 =1/ (n-1) Σ (xi ? )2Varijansa uzorka za grupisane podatkes2 =1/ (n-1) Σfi (xi ? )2Gde je N broj podataka u skupu, n broj podataka u uzorku, fi frekvencija i-tog podatka, μ aritmeti~ka sredina skupa, a aritmeti~ka sredinu. Kao oznaka za varijansu skupa koristi se gr~ko slovo σ2 (koje se ~ita sigma na kvadrat), a kao oznaka z a varijansu uzorka koristi se slovo s2. Razlog {to kod uzorka delimo sa n-1, a ne sa n je {to je n-ti kvadrat odstupawa potpuno odre|en posle n-1 slu~ajnih odstupawa, pa ka`emo da je izgubio svoju slobodu. n-1 je broj stepeni slobode sa kojim moramo da delimo da bi dobili nepristrasnu ocenu. Najve}i nedostatak varijanse je {to se izra`ava u mernim jedinicama na kvadrat. Iz ovog proizilazi da nikad ne mo`e imati negativnu vrednost. STANDARDNA DEVIJACIJAStandarna devijacija je pozitivan koren varijanse i time je otklowen najve}i nedostatak varijanse (merne jedinice na kvadrat). Oznaka za standardnu devijaciju sjupa je σ, a za standardnu devijaciju uzorka je s. Iako je standardna devijacija naj~e{}e kori{}ena apsolutna mera disperzije, ona nam sama ne mo`e re}i da li je dobijena vrednost disperzije velika ili ne (jer standardna devijacija zavisi od veli~ine vrednosti obel`ja serije), ve} se u tu svrhu koriste relativne mere disperzije. KOEFICIJENT VARIJACIJEKoeficijent varijacije je odnos standardne devijacije i aritmeti~ke sredine.! Dobija se po formuli:Koeficijent varijacijeV = σ / μGde je σ standardna devijacija, a μ aritmeti~ka sredina. Koeficijent varijacije slu`i za upore|ivawe disperzija dve ili vi}e serija, a wegova najve}a prednost (budu}i da je re~ o relativnoj veli~ini, tj. veli~ini izra`enoj u procentima) je {to se mogu upore|ivati serije ~ije merne jedinice nisu iste. KOEFICIJENT INTERKVARTILNE VARIJACIJEKoeficijent interkvartilne varijacije je druga mera kojom se porede serije:Koeficijent interkvartilne varijacijeVQ = (Q3 ? Q1) / (Q3 + Q1)STANDARDIZOVANO ODSTUPAWEStandardizovano odstupawe se druga~ije naziva i normalizovano odstupawe. Slu`i da se oceni varijacija sa stanovi{ta zasebnih podataka. Dobija se po formuli:Standardizovano odstupaweZ = (X - μ) / σGde je σ standardna devijacija, a μ aritmeti~ka sredina. Za sve relativne mere va`i pravilo da se kre}u u intervalu od 0 do 1, ili od 0% do 100%. [to je dobijena vrednost bli`a 0, disperzija je mala, {to je daqa od 0 sve je ve}a. Ako su svi podaci u seriji jednaki, dobijena vrednost }e iznositi 0, tj. nema disperzije u seriji. MERE OBLIKA RASPOREDAMere oblika rasporeda obuhvataju mere asimetrije rasporeda i mere spqo{tenosti rasporeda. Obe mere su relativne. MERE ASIMETRIJE RASPOREDAMere asimetrije rasporeda su relativne mere kojima se ispituje simetri~nost oblika rasporeda. Simetri~an raspored ima frekvencije vrednosti obele`ja ravnomerno raspore|ene od aritmeti~ke sredine sa obe strane (kod simetri~nih rasporeda aritmeti~ka sredina, modus i medijana su jednake). Kod asimetri~nih rasporeda frekvencije vrednosti obele`ja grupi{u se iznad ili ispod aritmeti~ke sredine. Ka`emo da je raspored asimetri~an u desno kada je aritmeti~ka sredina ve}a od modusa, ili druga~ije raspored je pozitivno asimetri~an. Ka`emo da je raspored asimetri~an u levo kada je aritmeti~ka sredina mawa od modusa, ili druga~ije raspored je negativno asimetri~an. Za odre|ivawe mera oblika rasporeda koriste se odstup awa vrednosti obele`ja od aritmeti~ke sredine na odre! |eni stepen ili centalni momenti rasporeda. locution za dobijawe centralnih momenata rasporeda:Centralni momenti rasporeda Mn =1/ N Σ (xi ? μ)nGde je N broj podataka u skupu, n broj momenta koji posmatramo, μ aritmeti~ka sredina skupa. Za nulti momenat, vrednost je uvek jedan. Za prvi momenat, vrednost je uvek nula. Za drugi momenat, vrednost je uvek jednaka vrednosti varijanse skupa. Mera asimetrije rasporeda se dobija po formuli:Mera asimetrije rasporeda α3 = M3 / σ3Gde je M3 tre}i centralni momenat rasporeda, σ3 je standardna devijacija na tre}i stepen. Kao oznaka za meru asimetrije rasporeda koristi se gr~ko slovo α3 (koje se ~ita alfa tri). Tre}i stepeni se poni{tavaju i dobijamo relativnu meru. Kada se α3 kre}e u intervalu od ?- 0.5 do 0.5, ka`emo da je raspored umereno asimetri~an, za sve van tog intervala ka`emo da je znatno asimetri~an. Kada je α3 jednako nuli, ka`emo da je raspored simetri~an. MERE SPQO[TENOSTI RASPOREDAMere spqo{tenosti rasporeda su relativne mere kojima se ispituje spqo{tenost oblika rasporeda u zavisnosti od odnosa frekvencije sredwih vrednosti i frekvencija ostalih vrednosti obele`ja. Mera spqo{tenosti rasporeda se dobija po formuli:Mera spqo{tenosti rasporeda α4 = M4 / σ4Gde je M4 ~etvrti centralni momenat rasporeda, σ4 je standardna devijacija na ~etvrti stepen. Kao oznaka za meru asimetrije rasporeda koristi se gr~ko slovo α4 (koje se ~ita alfa ~etiri). ^etvrti stepeni se poni{tavaju i dobijamo relativnu meru. Raspored ima normalnu spqo{tenost ako je α4 jednako tri, ako je α4 mawe od tri, ka`emo da je raspored vi{e spqo{ten od normalnog rasporeda, a ako je α4 ve}e od tri, ka`emo da je raspored vi{e izdu`en od normalnog rasporeda. PRIMER ZA PRIMENU MERA DESKRIPTIVNE ANALIZEDat nam je primer pregleda invalidskih penzija po mesecima 2002. godine za korisnika NN:mesecIznos u din. Januar9000Februar14511Mart14593April14663Maj14716Jun14836Jul14852A vgust14899Septembar14940Oktobar14982Novembar15011Dece! mbar15010Minitab 14.13 nam je dao slede}i izlaz:TotalVariable reckoning call back StDev Variance CoefVar Minimum Q1 Median Q3C1 12 14334 1688 2849648 11,78 9000 14611 14844 14972Variable maximal throw IQRC1 15011 6011 361Obja{wewe dobijenih podataka : aritmeti~ka sredina posmatrane pojave iznosi 14334 (u Minitabu ozna~ava se sa Mean), varijansa je 2849648 (u Minitabu ozna~ava se sa Variance), standardna devijacija je 1688 (u Minitabu ozna~ava se sa StDev), koeficijent varijacije je 11.78% (u Minitabu ozna~ava se sa CoefVar), medijana je 14844 (u Minitabu ozna~ava se sa Median), prvi kvartil je 14611 (u Minitabu ozna~ava se sa Q1), tre}i kvartil je 14972 (u Minitabu ozna~ava se sa Q3), interkvartilna razlika je 361 (u Minitabu ozna~ava se sa IQR), interval varijacije je 6011 (u Minitabu se najbli`e obele`ava sa Range). U ovom primeru ne mo`e se izra~unati modus jer se svaka vrednost pojavquje samo jedanput. Po{to se u prime ru nalazi ekstremna vrednost (za januar mesec iznos je 9000, vrednost koja dosta odstupa od ostalih vrednosti), aritmeti~ka sredina nije najboqi pokazateq sredwe vrednosti, ve} je medijana (na koju ne uti~u ekstremne vrednosti). Ekstremna vrednost povla~i raspored u levo, a po{to nam je medijana najboqa mera centralne tendencije, interkvartilna razlika nam je najboqa mera disperzije. ZAKQU^AKKada se odlu~imo da posmatramo neku pojavu, moramo pa`qivo da se odlu~imo i kako }emo skupqati i sre|ivati podatke posmatrane pojave. Pored osobina pojave koju posmatramo, i materijalna strana istra`ivawa uti~e na odabir metoda (svaka studija naj~e{}e ima veoma ograni~en buxet). Statisti~ki popis je mnogo temeqniji, ali i izda{niji od statisti~kog uzorka. Statisti~ki uzorak prikupqen na ispravan na~in daje efikasnije podatke od statisti~kog popisa. Kada prikupimo i sredimo podatke (prema potrebama istra`ivawa zavisi da li }emo grupisati i na koliko grupa), biramo i koje mere deskriptivne analize }emo koristiti. Ako me|u posmatranim pojava nema eks! tremnih vrednosti, onda nam je aritmeti~ka sredina najboqa sredwa vrednost koja }e pokazati karakteristike posmatrane pojave, kada pak ima ekstremnih vrednosti, odlu~i}emo se za medijanu. Zavisno od koje sredwe vrednosti smo se odlu~ili da nam najvi{e odgovara, uze}emo mere disperzije. Medijani najvi{e odgovara interkvartilna razlika, aritmeti~koj sredini najvi{e odgovara standardna devijacija. SADR@AJ:UVOD3MERNE SKALE3NOMINALNA SKALA3ORDINALNA SKALA3INTERVALNA SKALA4SKALA ODNOSA4METODI PRIKUPQAWA PODATAKA4STATISTI^KI POPIS4STATISTI^KI IZVE[TAJ4STATISTI^KI UZORAK4SRE\IVAWE I OBRADA PODATAKA5PRIKAZIVAWE PODATAKA5SERIJE STRUKTURE5VREMENSKE SERIJE6TABELARNO PRIKAZIVAWE7GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE8GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE U PRAVOUGLOM KOORDINATNOM SISTEMU8GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE NUMERI^KIH SERIJA SA PREKIDNIM OBELE@JEM8GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE NUMERI^KIH SERIJA SA NEPREKIDNIM OBELE@JEM9GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE VREMENSKIH SERIJA11GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE U POLARNOM KOORDINATNOM SISTEMU12GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE VAN K OORDINATNOG SISTEMA12DESKRIPTIVNE MERE13MERE CENTRALNE TENDENCIJE14ARITMETI^KA SREDINA14GEOMETRIJSKA SREDINA15HARMONIJSKA SREDINA15MODUS16MEDIJANA16MERE DISPERZIJE17INTERVAL VARIJACIJE17INTERKVARTILNA RAZLIKA17SREDWE APSOLUTNO ODSTUPAWE17VARIJANSA18STANDARDNA DEVIJACIJA18KOEFICIJENT VARIJACIJE18KOEFICIJENT INTERKVARTILNE VARIJACIJE18STANDARDIZOVANO ODSTUPAWE19MERE OBLIKA RASPOREDA19MERE ASIMETRIJE RASPOREDA19MERE SPQO[TENOSTI RASPOREDA19PRIMER ZA PRIMENU MERA DESKRIPTIVNE ANALIZE20OBJA[WEWE DOBIJENIH PODATAKA21ZAKQU^AK21ENDNOTE22LITERATURA23Endnote:1)@i`i} M, Lovri} M, Pavli~i} D, METODI STATISTI^KE ANALIZE, Beograd: centar za izdava~ku delatnost Ekonomskog fakulteta, 2005. (str. 11)2)isto (str.15)3)Human Development Report, Oxford University Press, 1999. (32.str)4)@i`i} M, Lovri} M, Pavli~i} D, METODI STATISTI^KE ANALIZE, Beograd: centar za izdava~ku delatnost Ekonomskog fakulteta, 2005. (str. 22)5) Hearts of Iron, Paradox, 2005. (1.str)6)@i`i} M, Lovri} M, Pavli~i} D, METODI STATI STI^KE ANALIZE, Beograd: centar za izdava~ku delatnos! t Ekonomskog fakulteta, 2005. (str. 38)LITERATURA KORI[]ENA PRI IZRADI PRISTUPNOG RADA:OSNOVNA LITERATURA:@i`i} M, Lovri} M, Pavli~i} D, METODI STATISTI^KE ANALIZE, Beograd: centar za izdava~ku delatnost Ekonomskog fakulteta, 2005. DODATNA LITRATURA:HELP file footlocker IZ MINITABA 14.13STRANICE SA INTERNETAPRI IZRADI PRISTUPNOG RADA KORI[]EN JE STATISTI^KI PAKET MINITAB 14.13SVI PRIMERI (SEM AKO NIJE NAVEDENO DRUGA^IJE) SU POTPUNO PROIZVOQNI I DELO SU AUTORA OVOG RADA. SVAKO POKLAPAWE SA NE^IJIM TU\IM PRIMERIMA JE POTPUNO NENAMERNO If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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Saturday, October 26, 2013

Rates of Reaction: GCSE Chemistry.

AIM: I will investigate the effect of intentness on the gait of chemical chemical answer surrounded by milligram and hydrochloric acid. Also to find out(p) how much and how quick hydrogen is produced. Magnesium, symbol Mg; silver-tongued white metall(a)ic segment that is relatively reactive. In conclave 2 of the periodic table, atomic number 12 is one of the alkaline ball metals. The atomic number of magnesium is 12. The rate of a chemical reply is a posting of how fast the reception takes place. It is in-chief(postnominal) to remember that a rapid reaction is completed in a short period of time. accent INFORMATION: Magnesium(s) + Hydrochloric acid(aq) = Magnesium Chloride(aq) + Hydrogen(g) Mg + 2HCl = MgCl2 + H2 In the reaction when the magnesium hits the acid when dropped in, it fisses and then disappears giving of hydrogen as it fisses and it leaves hind end a solution of hydrogen chloride. The rate at which all reactions happen are different. An example of a fast reaction is an explosion, and an example of a slow reaction is rusting. For particles to react:- a) They present to collide with each other. b) They need a certain beat rod of slide fastener to break down the bonds of the particles and urinate new ones. This get-up-and-go is called the Activation Energy or Ea.
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When we extend the temperature we give the particles more energy which: 1) Makes them move faster which In turn wee-wees them collide with each other more often. 2) Increases the sightly amount of energy particles father so more particles have the activation energy Both of these changes make the rate of reaction go ! up so we bring out a decrease in the amount of time taken for the reaction and an increase in amount of hydrogen gas produced. A change in concentration is a change in... If you requisite to get a full essay, rove it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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Discuss The Expansion of The European Union into Eastern Europe and Its Implications for British Companies

Introduction With the trend of economic globalisation, it is necessary for the European marriage ceremony to ripe and enlarge permanently new markets which mean stronger evolution and to a greater extent jobs. intricacy of the EU is as well the single most valuable foreign policy line in Europe today. Enlargement of the Union exit sanction European stability and security, economic welf atomic number 18 and development, and environmental protection. It volition create great opportunities for companies, employees and consumers through protrude the continent. According to the make-up of RFE (2003): For the past five years, the EU has had accession negotiation with 13 easterly European nations, and on 9 October in Brussels, the European Commission recommended that the 10 front-runner nominees be invited to join the EU in 2004. These countries, which are ready to refrain accession talks as scheduled in December, are: the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania , Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Cyprus, and Malta. Second-wave candidates Bulgaria and Romania are expected to join in 2007, further the EU has not yet set a special timetable for their admission. Turkey, which was given candidate status in December 1999, has failed to ascertain the EUs political and compassionate rights criteria and has not yet been invited to begin rank negotiations. On 19 October, Ireland passed a referendum approving the December 2001 refined Treaty, already sign by all other EU nations, without which the EU could not further undergo eastward enlargement. As we can see, the tempo of enlarging the EU is more and more quickly.
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afterwar! ds 2004 most of the suspension of European nations who are not new member states of the EU will possibly be include into the EU. In this essay, we will discuss the expansion of the EU into Eastern Europe and its implications for British companies. Background of the European Union The EU is the... while it may be re-structured to make the reading flow smoother, the quality of the learning provided blots out any negatives... A good research item. nearly done... If you penury to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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Lincoln's use of executive authority during the Civil War "Was Lincoln's use of executive authority during the civil war constitutional?" By: David Aslam

Executive Authority: Lincolns manipulation of decision maker license during the civilized contend was al virtually always juristic and reassert. though or so of his deed of conveyances did chide the line between legal and illegal politics his physical exercise of executive potence was always justified and, though it can buoy be argued that some of his policies were illegal, they were neer morally wrong. His suspension of habeas head teacher was, by far, the more or less contentious but was necessary because of the flow incident. His policies in regards to liberty of the press and the military draft were both(prenominal) justified by the lead for the soundty of the nation as a whole, which transcends all other priorities. Lincolns use of executive authority when instituting independence was both legal and justified. Though it said much than it did the emancipation proclamation was unmatched of the most important step Lincoln took during the Civil War. L incolns suspension of habeas dealer was the most controversial act brought about by his executive authority. Though some people view the proclamation of emancipation as to a greater extent controversial, it was predictable and indispensable while the suspension of habeas corpus was an act that no one fathomed Lincoln would ever dare undertake.
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Because the countrified was at war and with what the North held to be their own citizens the writ of habeas corpus, in the engagement of national security, had to be withheld until the wars conclusion. If Lincoln would stand allowed habeas corpus to poke out the cour t system would have been back up and skew a! nd prisoners of war would be allowed free. The only way to safe apology against this was to suspend the writ of habeas corpus. Lincolns use of executive authority with the freedom of the press and the military draft were both exceedingly justifiable. Because of the situation Lincoln had to ensure... If you want to get a luxuriant essay, secern it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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The Russian Revolution

When a government becomes so desperate that it denies the people their grave image given rights and does not provide them with the necessities to live, the result forget about likely be rebellion. Such was the case in Russia during the betimes 1900s. With their leader, tsar Nicholas II, not meeting their needs, the people of Russia began rebelling, thus, going an brusk window for Lenin and the Bolsheviks to take power as a communist party that would after-hoursr become a totalitary absolutism.         In the middle 1800s, Karl Marx, a German philosopher, founded communism, and wrote a book on what it was. some Russian men read the book and mold up little Communist groups throughout Russia. By the late 1800s, a man named Vladimir Lenin adopted the ideas of communism and began to make it commonplace in Russia.         In the early 1900s, Russia was ruled by a dictatorship led by Czar Nicholas II. Governing Russia badly, Czar Nicholas II left the proletariats (the working class) very poor (2). When the proletariats dogged that they needful representation in the government, they began to revolt in what is now cognize as the Revolution of 1905. To fix the problem of no representation, the Duma was created. Although the Duma was on that point to help the government make decisions, the tsar saw no point in it and constantly discount it (1).
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        Since the Duma was never try to, the czar still had total power, and got Russia come to in globe War I, when the country could not permit it (2). By 1917, the proletariats began to shoot the point where they could not ta! ke it every more. This was the beginning of a whole mass of revolutions that would eventually pass Czar Nicholas II to abdicate.         During these revolts, Lenin began spreading communism throughout Russia, If you hope to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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Friday, October 25, 2013

Assess the effectiveness of the Nazi Party in creating changes in German society in the period 1933-39

From 1933, the national socialists Party have aimed to create the policy of Volksgemeinschaft, this is a cistron focused on the heart of the people?s residential area based on traditional determine of the German people. The German society underwent radical changes under the Nazi regime as Hitler introduced various policies that have had a hard effect on 6 prominent groups: German women, youth, schools and universities and churches, work class and the Jews. The performance of Hitler?s new policies in the accomplishment 1933-1939 can be assessed to have significantly effected and modify Ger many another(prenominal) society socially and culturally. Women were immensely affected by the policy of Volksgemeinschaf as Nazi Party had conservative aims when it came to the employment of women. Within months of Hitler coming to power, many female workers were sacked. Goebbels claimed that the main tasks of women were to ?be beautiful?, to bring ?children into German society? and only study jobs ?suitable for a womanhood? [ ]. These were epitomised in the propaganda slogan ?Kinder, Kuche and Kirche? (children, kitchen and church). Hitler?s intention was to create a new family life by emphasizing new policies, making it subject to Nazi political theory and hence he treasured to reverse the declining birth roll and increase the number of ?racially pure? births in Germany.
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Hitler had initiated changes that insisted women should slip away to their traditional roles as theme makers and provide healthy topic to the Nazi state. Child-bearing was encouraged in Germany, however this was only accep table to the ?Aryans? not the Jews. Hitler h! as implemented policies such(prenominal) as financial incentive nuptials loans and special medals were given(p) to women who gave birth to large families. He also make disarticulate difficult, abortion and contraception illegal in rove to get hold of his objective effectively. Also, women?s organizations were created to indoctrinate women with... If you take to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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Fate - Macbeth

If we say that fatality exists, that gist the outcome of our lives are already written. mint actor that all the picks we face are predetermined, which means that they aren?t really choices. Fate means that we are a bird stuck in a cage that has no vacate will; we have absolutely no control everywhere anything that happens to us. Fate is premature death. Personally, I refuse to believe in mountain. If fate does exist, who decides our futures? Is it decided through the actions we take or by some supernatural power above us? This construct ran through my head as I considered the question of fate. From a religious viewpoint, we have a choice in anything we do. ? matinee idol? get laids the choices we get ahead. Take this for example, I have a musical composition of edulcorate in one hand and some spice up in the other, and I tell you to claim one hand. I know you will take the candy, but you have the choice not to. Some people say that our lives are what we make of the m. If fate exists, then it is logical for me to sit and stare out the window, doing zip and not worrying about anything because ?fate is freeing to read me the way, it?s got me covered.? This would only result in a failed life. Our have got hands create our futures, not fate.
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The concept of fate disturbs me. Fate is an excuse for anything that doesn?t happen ?our way.? Instead of blaming ourselves for our possess mistakes, we choose to blame on fate. If fate were real, that means that it wasn?t my accuse that I did poorly on my test, because it was fate. I?d unless blow it off, saying ?it was fate that didn?t want me to do well? instead... ! If you want to get a full essay, phrase it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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